MAPKPfade
MAPKPfade, commonly known as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, are essential signaling cascades in eukaryotic cells that regulate diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, stress responses, and apoptosis. These pathways are highly conserved across species, from yeast to humans, and are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli such as growth factors, cytokines, and environmental stressors.
The MAPK pathways are characterized by a modular design, typically consisting of three sequentially activated kinases:
The ERK pathway is primarily involved in promoting cell growth and differentiation, often triggered by mitogens
Cross-talk between MAPK pathways allows for complex integration of signals, ensuring appropriate cellular outcomes. For example,