Lucanidae

Lucanidae is a family of beetles in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, commonly known as stag beetles. Males have large, often antler-like mandibles that are used in battles with rivals for mates, while females have shorter jaws. The body is typically robust, with a smooth exoskeleton varying from brown to black; some species have metallic reflections. Size ranges from a few centimeters to over 8 cm in some species, with the mandibles sometimes exceeding body length.

Larvae develop in decaying wood, where they feed for several years in temperate climates, longer in tropical regions. Pupation occurs in the wood, and adults emerge with short lifespans, often a few weeks to a few months. Adults commonly feed on sap from wounds in trees, rotting fruit, or nectar.

Lucanidae are distributed worldwide, with greatest diversity in tropical regions. In Europe, the European stag beetle Lucanus cervus is a well-known member; in Asia and the Americas, numerous species exist. Ecologically, they act as decomposers during larval stages and as pollinators or sap feeders as adults.

Taxonomy: The family is placed within Scarabaeoidea and is divided into several subfamilies, notably Lucaninae and Syndesinae. Notable genera include Lucanus, Dorcus, and Prosopocoilus.

Conservation: Many stag beetle species are threatened by habitat loss, fragmentation, and collection. Some regions regulate trade and protect ancient trees and deadwood habitats to conserve populations.