Listera

Listera is a genus of terrestrial orchids found in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. These plants are typically small to medium-sized, with two broad, ovate leaves at the base of the stem. The leaves are often a deep green and can be somewhat glossy. The flower stalk arises from the center of the leaves and bears a few to many small, inconspicuous flowers. The flowers are usually greenish or brownish, with a prominent lip.

The genus Listera is characterized by its underground rhizomes, which allow the plant to perennialize. They are often found in shady, moist woodland environments, growing in humus-rich soil. Common species include Listera ovata, known as the common twayblade, and Listera cordata, the heartleaf twayblade. These orchids are known for their mycoheterotrophic nature, meaning they rely on fungi in the soil for nutrients, especially in their early stages of development.

Historically, the genus Listera has been subject to taxonomic debate, with some species being reclassified into other genera such as Neottia. However, the name Listera is still widely recognized and used for a group of plants sharing similar morphological characteristics. Their pollination is often carried out by small insects, attracted by the subtle scent and structure of the flowers. Conservation status varies among species, with some facing threats from habitat loss and degradation.