LichtbogenSchweißprozess

Lichtbogen-Schweißen, commonly referred to as arc welding, is a group of welding processes that join metals by heating them with an electric arc. The arc is established between an electrode and the workpiece, melting the base metal and often the electrode to form a fusion bond when it cools.

The process relies on electric current to generate intense heat. Shielding is essential to prevent oxidation of the molten metal. Protection is provided by a consumable electrode coated with flux (SMAW), by shielding gas in gas metal arc welding (GMAW/MIG) or by flux in FCAW, or by a non-consumable electrode in GTAW/TIG.

Major variants include SMAW (manual metal arc or stick welding), GMAW (MIG), FCAW (flux-cored), and GTAW (TIG). SMAW uses a consumable electrode; MIG uses a continuously fed wire with shielding gas; TIG uses a non-consumable tungsten electrode with filler metal; FCAW uses a flux-cored wire.

Most arc welding targets ferrous metals such as carbon steel and stainless steel; non-ferrous metals like aluminum require different conditions or processes. Each method differs in speed, equipment needs, and weld quality, and welding position (flat, horizontal, vertical, overhead) can affect results.

Safety concerns include intense light, UV radiation, heat, sparks, and fumes. Protective equipment includes a welding helmet with a suitable filter, gloves, protective clothing, and adequate ventilation. Improper technique can cause burns, eye injuries, or weld porosity and cracking.

Lichtbogen-Schweißen remains a foundational technique in construction, manufacturing, repair, and fabrication because of its versatility across thicknesses and materials and relatively low equipment costs.