Letterpress

Letterpress is a relief printing process in which ink is applied to raised surfaces and transferred to paper under pressure. Traditionally this relied on movable metal type arranged in a composing stick and locked into a chase, then inked and pressed against dampened paper. The raised type surfaces pick up ink, producing crisp lines, a slight bevel, and a tactile impression on the page.

Origins of letterpress date to the 15th century with Johannes Gutenberg’s innovations, enabling broader reproduction of text. Movable type and press technology evolved from manual screw presses to steam-powered machines. By the late 19th century hot metal typesetting and mechanical presses increased production speed, but offset printing later supplanted much commercial work. Letterpress persisted in small runs and artistic circles, valued for craft and typographic control.

Process and technique involve arranging individual metal or wood characters in a composing stick, locking them in a chase with furniture and quoins, and inking the raised surfaces. A press applies pressure to transfer ink from the type to paper, leaving an impression. Paper choice often favors the ability to show the impression, and dampening can be used in some systems to improve ink transfer and reduce set-off. Finishing may include overprinting or additional colors.

Equipment and materials range from classic platen presses (such as Adana or Albion) to larger cylinder presses. Modern practice uses photopolymer or relief plates in addition to traditional type. Inks are typically oil-based or water-wash, and papers include heavy cover stocks, cotton papers, or handmade varieties. Hand printing remains common in studios, while small-press operations continue to produce limited runs.

Modern letterpress has experienced a revival as a craft and art form, prized for its tactile impression, rich ink coverage, and handcrafted aesthetic. It is widely used for wedding invitations, stationery, art prints, and limited-edition books, valued for specialty work and educational purposes.