typesetting

Typesetting is the process of arranging text for publication, including selecting typefaces, font sizes, line length, spacing, and page layout. It encompasses preparing text for printing or display and aims to achieve readability, aesthetics, and consistency across a document.

Historically, typesetting evolved from hand lettering and manuscript preparation to the use of movable metal type developed in the 15th century, enabling rapid and repeatable composition. Mechanical systems such as linotype and intertype automated much of the layout in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Phototypesetting in the mid-20th century used photographic processes, followed by digital typesetting with desktop publishing and page layout software starting in the 1980s.

Modern typesetting relies on digital fonts and software. It uses typographic metrics and concepts such as kerning, tracking, leading, and justification to control spacing and alignment. Digital workflows often employ markup or programming languages like TeX and LaTeX, or desktop tools such as InDesign, QuarkXPress, or similar programs. OpenType fonts and Unicode support enable a wide range of characters and scripts, facilitating internationalization and advanced typography features such as ligatures and small caps.

Output formats may be print or digital. The typesetting process includes pagination, hyphenation, and grid-based layout, with proofreading and corrections incorporated into the workflow. Good typesetting balances aesthetic considerations with legibility and efficiency, contributing to the overall quality and accessibility of a publication.