Laxative

Laxatives are substances that relieve constipation by increasing stool water content, stool volume, or intestinal motility. They are used to treat constipation and to prepare the bowel for medical procedures. They should be used for short periods and with adequate hydration.

Bulk-forming laxatives such as psyllium and methylcellulose absorb water to form a softer, bulkier stool. Osmotic laxatives like polyethylene glycol, lactulose, and magnesium hydroxide draw water into the colon. Stimulant laxatives such as bisacodyl and senna stimulate intestinal contractions. Emollients such as docusate soften stool by helping water mix with it. Saline laxatives like magnesium citrate act osmotically and can provide rapid relief but may cause electrolyte changes. Lubricants such as mineral oil coat stool to ease passage but are used less often due to risks of aspiration and nutrient malabsorption.

Generally, constipation should be addressed with diet, fluids, and physical activity; laxatives are added if needed. Start with mild, non-habit forming agents and follow label directions. Do not use stimulant laxatives daily for extended periods. Seek medical advice if constipation lasts more than a week, if there are red flags such as severe abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, or blood in the stool, or if the person has kidney disease, heart disease, is pregnant, or is a young child.

Adverse effects include bloating, gas, cramps, diarrhea, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalance. Laxatives can interact with certain medications and may be unsafe in bowel obstruction, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease with obstruction symptoms, or in some kidney conditions. Long-term use can lead to dependence or reduced bowel function, especially with stimulant laxatives.