Laparoskoopiat

Laparoskoopiat, or laparoscopic procedures, describe surgeries performed through small abdominal incisions using a laparoscope—a slender instrument with a camera and light—and specialized surgical instruments. The technique aims to visualize the interior of the abdomen or pelvis with minimal disruption to surrounding tissues.

During the procedure, the abdomen is insufflated with carbon dioxide to create a working space (pneumoperitoneum). The laparoscope provides real-time video to a monitor, guiding instruments inserted through trocars. The surgeon performs dissection, resection, suturing, or stapling as needed, with the goal of reducing tissue trauma compared with open surgery.

Common indications include gallbladder removal (cholecystectomy), appendectomy, repair of certain hernias, and gynecologic procedures such as oophorectomy or tubal ligation, as well as bariatric and some colorectal operations. Diagnostic laparoscopy may evaluate unexplained abdominal pain or help stage cancers.

Benefits relative to open surgery include smaller incisions, reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stays, faster recovery, and lower infection rates. Not all patients are suitable candidates: absolute contraindications include uncorrectable coagulopathy or generalized peritonitis; severe cardiopulmonary disease can complicate pneumoperitoneum, and extensive abdominal adhesions may hinder access.

History and development: Laparoscopic techniques emerged in the late 20th century, with rapid expansion in the 1980s. The field was advanced by surgeons such as Philippe Mouret, Erich Mühe, and others, who popularized minimally invasive approaches to common operations.

Training and outcomes: Laparoscopic surgery requires specialized training and careful patient selection. Outcomes improve with experience and appropriate case choice, and refinements such as single-incision and robotic-assisted laparoscopy continue to evolve.