Kontroloj

Kontroloj is a field of study and practice focused on regulation of the behavior of dynamic systems. It involves measuring system outputs, comparing them with desired references, and using actuators to influence inputs so that the outputs converge to targets. The term is used in various languages to denote control engineering or the science of feedback control. In this article, kontroloj refers to the general discipline that covers theory, methods, and applications of control.

A kontroloj system typically consists of sensors to observe state, actuators to apply inputs, a controller that computes control signals, and a communication layer to transmit data. The core idea is feedback: the current state is fed back to adjust future actions. Key goals include stability, fast response, robustness to disturbances, and efficient use of resources. Design often relies on mathematical models, simulation, and testing.

Common approaches include continuous control, discrete-event control, adaptive and predictive control. Widely used techniques include PID control, state estimation, model predictive control, and robust control. Applications span industrial automation, power systems, transportation, robotics, and digital networks. The field continues to evolve with advances in machine learning, real-time computing, and embedded systems.