Kontaktuselmélet

Kontaktuselmélet, often translated as contact theory, is a social psychology framework that explores how interaction between groups can reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. Developed by Gordon Allport in 1954, the theory posits that under certain conditions, contact between members of different groups can lead to more positive attitudes and a decrease in negative stereotypes.

The core of contact theory lies in the idea that prejudice stems from ignorance and fear of the unknown. When individuals from different groups have opportunities to interact, they can challenge their preconceived notions and develop a more nuanced understanding of each other. Allport identified four key conditions that are crucial for contact to be effective: equal status between groups, common goals, intergroup cooperation, and institutional support.

When these conditions are met, individuals are more likely to see members of the outgroup as individuals rather than as representatives of a stereotype. Cooperation towards a shared objective fosters a sense of camaraderie and interdependence, breaking down barriers that might otherwise exist. Equal status ensures that neither group feels subordinate, preventing the contact from reinforcing existing power imbalances. Finally, institutional support, such as policies promoting diversity and inclusion, can legitimize intergroup contact and encourage positive outcomes.

While initially focused on racial prejudice, contact theory has been applied to a wide range of intergroup contexts, including those based on religion, nationality, sexual orientation, and disability. Research has generally supported the efficacy of contact theory, though the strength of its effects can vary depending on the specific context and the degree to which the proposed conditions are met. Despite its successes, critics point out that under unfavorable conditions, contact can sometimes exacerbate prejudice rather than reduce it.