Konfutsianism

Confucianism is a system of thought and a way of life originating in ancient China with the teachings of Confucius, a philosopher who lived from 551 to 479 BCE. It is often described as a philosophy, an ethical system, or a religion, though its precise classification is debated. Confucianism emphasizes personal and governmental morality, the correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity. It is fundamentally concerned with the cultivation of virtue in individuals and the creation of a harmonious society.

Key to Confucian thought are concepts such as ren (仁), often translated as benevolence or humaneness; yi (义), righteousness or justice; li (礼), propriety or ritual; zhi (智), wisdom; and xin (信), trustworthiness. These virtues are seen as essential for individuals to achieve moral perfection and contribute to social order. Confucianism places a strong emphasis on filial piety (xiao, 孝), the respect for one's parents and elders, and loyalty to superiors. It promotes the idea of the junzi (君子), often translated as the "gentleman" or "superior person," who embodies these virtues and serves as a role model.

Confucianism profoundly influenced Chinese culture, politics, and education for over two millennia. Its principles shaped imperial governance, social customs, and the development of the civil service examination system. While often intertwined with religious practices and beliefs, its core focus remains on ethical conduct and the proper ordering of human relationships within the family, community, and state. Its influence extends beyond China to other East Asian countries such as Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.