Keratotomy

Keratotomy refers to a group of surgical procedures that involve making incisions in the cornea, the transparent outer layer of the eye. These procedures are primarily performed to correct refractive errors, such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. The incisions alter the curvature of the cornea, which in turn changes how light is focused onto the retina, thereby improving vision.

Different types of keratotomy exist, distinguished by the pattern and depth of the incisions. Radial keratotomy (RK) involves making spoke-like incisions from the periphery towards the center of the cornea. Arcuate keratotomy uses curved incisions. Incisions can also be made in a grid pattern, known as astigmatic keratotomy, to correct irregular astigmatism. More recently, laser-assisted procedures like LASIK (Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis) and PRK (Photorefractive Keratectomy) have become more common, which use excimer lasers to reshape the cornea, often replacing traditional keratotomy techniques for many refractive corrections. However, some forms of keratotomy are still used, particularly for correcting astigmatism, sometimes in conjunction with cataract surgery.

Potential risks and side effects associated with keratotomy include infection, changes in intraocular pressure, glare, halos around lights, and under- or over-correction of the refractive error. The success and stability of vision correction can vary among individuals, and outcomes depend on factors such as the original refractive error, the specific surgical technique used, and individual healing responses. Consultation with an ophthalmologist is essential to determine if keratotomy is a suitable option for a particular patient.