Karzinoiden

Karzinoid, also known as a carcinoid tumor, is a type of slow-growing neuroendocrine tumor. These tumors originate from cells that have hormone-producing capabilities, and they can arise in various parts of the body, most commonly in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, and ovaries. While the term "carcinoid" was historically used, reflecting a belief that these tumors were less aggressive than other cancers, modern understanding classifies them as neuroendocrine tumors, with varying degrees of malignancy.

The symptoms associated with carcinoid tumors are diverse and depend heavily on their location and whether they secrete hormones. Many carcinoid tumors, particularly those in the appendix or small intestine, may not cause symptoms for years and are often discovered incidentally during surgery or medical imaging for other conditions. When symptoms do occur, they can include abdominal pain, diarrhea, flushing of the skin, wheezing, and heart murmurs, especially in cases of carcinoid syndrome, which is caused by the tumor releasing hormonal substances into the bloodstream.

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of imaging techniques such as CT scans, MRIs, and somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, along with blood and urine tests to detect elevated hormone levels. Biopsy and histological examination are crucial for definitive diagnosis and grading of the tumor. Treatment strategies vary based on the tumor's location, size, stage, and whether it is producing excess hormones. Options can include surgical resection, medication to control hormone secretion, and in some advanced cases, therapies like chemotherapy, radiation, or targeted agents. The prognosis for carcinoid tumors is generally favorable, especially for localized and slow-growing varieties, due to their typically indolent nature.