Karsttype

Karsttype is a term used in geomorphology and speleology to describe a framework for classifying karst landscapes. It emphasizes the combined influence of host rock, dissolution mechanisms, and hydrology in shaping karst terrains. While karst describes landscapes formed by dissolution of soluble rocks, Karsttype refers to systematic categories that reflect how rock type and water pathways produce characteristic landforms and groundwater behavior.

Rock-based distinctions: The primary divisions are carbonate karst (limestone and dolostone), evaporite karst (gypsum and rock salt), and occasionally other soluble rocks such as certain silicates. The mineralogy and solubility of the host rock control dissolution rates, surface stability, cave development, and the propensity for features like dolines, poljes, and cave corridors to form.

Hydrology-based distinctions: Epigenic karst develops under meteoric water flow near the surface, typically with well-developed infiltration, springs, and drainage networks. Hypogenic karst forms from deep-seated groundwater discharges that dissolve rock as it ascends, often creating caves with little surface expression. Mixed forms may involve both surface recharge and deep-sourced fluids.

Morphology and examples: Karsttype also accounts for distinctive landforms such as tower karst (isolated rock towers common in tropical regions), cockpit karst (polygonal depressions in carbonate landscapes), and extensive doline fields and poljes. The distribution of these forms is influenced by climate, tectonics, and rock structure.

Applications: The Karsttype framework supports comparative studies of karst regions, guides groundwater management and cave exploration, and informs hazard assessments related to sinkholes and groundwater sensitivity. It complements traditional karst science by grouping landscapes according to controlling processes rather than surface appearance alone.