Karmiini

Karmiini, commonly known as carmine or cochineal dye, is a natural red pigment derived from the dried bodies of female cochineal insects (Dactylopius coccus) that feed on cactus plants. Historically harvested in the Americas, production has since spread to other regions. In many languages, including Finnish, karmiini refers to this pigment used as a colorant in foods, cosmetics, and textiles.

The pigment's main chemical component is carminic acid, a glycoside of an anthraquinone derivative. Extraction typically involves treating the insects with water or alcohol to release carminic acid, followed by purification and drying to produce a soluble powder or paste. The resulting color ranges from bright crimson to deep red and is generally stable in acidic media but can fade with heat, light, and certain alkaline conditions. Shade and fastness can be adjusted with mordants or formulation components in dyeing processes.

Uses of karmiini are diverse. In foods and beverages, it is sold as a natural red dye (often labeled as E120 in the European Union and other markets) and is found in confectionery, dairy products, and drinks. It is also employed in cosmetics, including lipsticks, blush, and nail colors, and has applications in histology as a staining agent in some laboratory procedures.

Safety and regulation vary by jurisdiction. While many people tolerate carmine well, it can trigger allergic reactions in a small subset of individuals, particularly those with insect allergies. Labeling requirements and permissible uses differ internationally, and some consumers seek vegan or ethical alternatives due to the animal origin of the pigment.