cochineal

Cochineal refers to a red pigment obtained from several species of scale insects in the genus Dactylopius, most notably Dactylopius coccus. The principal coloring agent is carminic acid, which, when processed with suitable mordants, yields the red dye commonly called cochineal or carmine.

Originating in the Americas, cochineal insects feed on prickly pear cactus (Opuntia species). Harvested insects are dried and ground to produce a powder from which carminic acid is extracted with water and, if desired, alcohol. The extract is then treated with metal salts (mordants) to form carmine lakes that are used as pigments in various applications.

Uses and labeling: In foods, cosmetics, and textiles, the dye is used to produce bright reds and pinks. In the European Union it is listed as E120; in other markets it may be labeled as cochineal extract or carmine. It is particularly common in candies, yogurts, beverages, and lipstick.

History and production: Cochineal was a major export from the Americas after the Spanish conquest and became an important global pigment in the 16th–19th centuries. Today, production centers are in Mexico, Peru, and the Canary Islands, among others. The dye remains relatively expensive and is sensitive to light and alkaline conditions.

Safety and dietary considerations: Some individuals may be allergic to cochineal or carmine, and the product is not considered vegan by some. Regulations require labeling in many jurisdictions.