Kariese

Kariese, commonly known as dental caries, is the localized destruction of tooth structure resulting from acid attack on enamel and dentin. The acid is produced by acidogenic bacteria in dental plaque after the intake of fermentable carbohydrates.

The main culprits are cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species. They metabolize sugars from the diet to acids that lower the local pH, causing demineralization of hydroxyapatite and progressive decay if not halted.

Risk factors include high sugar intake, poor oral hygiene, infrequent dental visits, low fluoride exposure, dry mouth, and reduced saliva. Socioeconomic factors can also influence risk due to access to care and dietary patterns.

Early caries may appear as white spots on enamel; later stages show cavitation, tooth sensitivity, or pain. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and bitewing radiographs to detect subsurface lesions.

Prevention focuses on reducing cariogenic exposure: regular brushing with fluoride toothpaste, flossing, limiting fermentable carbohydrates, and topical fluoride or sealants for at-risk teeth.

Treatment depends on lesion extent. Non-cavitated lesions may be monitored and remineralized with fluoride; cavitated lesions require removal of decayed tissue and restoration with fillings or crowns. Severe cases may involve root canal treatment or extraction.