Jarðrannsóknir

Jarðrannsóknir, meaning geological investigations, refers to the integrated study of the Earth’s materials, structure, processes, and history. In Icelandic usage the term covers field surveys, laboratory analyses, and modeling undertaken to understand rocks, soils, groundwater, geothermal systems, and tectonic activity. The scope includes mapping, stratigraphy, petrology, geochemistry, geochronology, geophysics, hydrogeology, and geotechnical investigations for construction and land-use planning.

Typical activities involve geological mapping, subsurface characterisation, borehole drilling and logging, soil and rock testing, and laboratory analyses. Geophysical methods such as seismic, magnetic, gravity, and electrical surveys are used to image subsurface properties, often complemented by remote sensing and geographic information systems. Data are interpreted with computer models of rock properties, fluid flow, and hazard scenarios.

Applications of jarðrannsóknir include resource exploration and management, especially geothermal energy development, mineral prospecting, and groundwater assessment. They also underpin environmental monitoring, land-use planning, civil engineering projects, and risk mitigation for natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, and tsunamis. In regions with active volcanism and geothermal systems, jarðrannsóknir are essential for understanding eruption forecasts, heat resources, and subsurface connectivity.

Institutions conducting jarðrannsóknir typically include universities, research institutes, and national geological surveys. In Iceland, university departments of earth sciences and national agencies coordinate field campaigns, sample repositories, and data sharing. Practice generally emphasizes data quality, safety, and adherence to international standards and collaborative frameworks.