HypoproteinämieSyndroms

Hypoproteinemia is a medical condition defined by abnormally low levels of proteins in the blood plasma, most notably albumin. Normal serum protein concentrations are typically around 60–80 g/L, with albumin comprising about 35–50 g/L; hypoproteinemia is generally considered present when total protein falls below about 60 g/L or albumin falls below 3.5 g/dL (35 g/L). The condition can reflect a variety of physiological disturbances and is often a sign of an underlying disorder rather than a disease in itself.

Causes of hypoproteinemia are commonly grouped into decreased synthesis, increased loss, and increased catabolism. Decreased synthesis occurs with advanced liver disease (such as cirrhosis), severe malnutrition or protein-energy malnutrition, and other states that impair hepatic protein production. Increased loss results from conditions like nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathies, extensive burns, and active gastrointestinal bleeding. Increased protein catabolism can occur during severe infections, chronic inflammation, or stress. Dilutional factors from fluid overload or large-volume intravenous therapies can also lower measured protein levels.

Clinical consequences stem from reduced oncotic pressure, which can lead to edema, ascites, and pleural effusions. Hypoproteinemia may also affect drug binding and transport, immunity, and overall nutritional status. Diagnosis relies on laboratory measurements of serum protein and albumin, complemented by liver and kidney function tests, urinalysis for protein loss, and an assessment of nutritional status and underlying diseases.

Treatment targets the underlying cause and may include nutritional rehabilitation with adequate protein intake, management of edema, and, in selected cases, intravenous albumin. Prognosis depends on the etiology and the feasibility of treating the underlying condition.