Hypoadrenocorticism

Hypoadrenocorticism, also known as Addison's disease, is a disorder where the adrenal glands do not produce enough of certain hormones, primarily cortisol and aldosterone. These hormones are essential for regulating a variety of bodily functions, including metabolism, immune response, blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. The condition can affect humans and animals, particularly dogs.

The exact cause of hypoadrenocorticism is often unknown, but it is frequently attributed to an autoimmune process where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the adrenal cortex. Other causes can include certain infections, cancers, or the use of specific medications. In some cases, it can be a genetic predisposition.

Symptoms can vary widely and often develop gradually, making diagnosis challenging. They can include lethargy, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and increased thirst and urination. In acute, life-threatening crises, known as Addisonian crises, symptoms can worsen rapidly, leading to collapse, shock, and potentially death if not treated promptly.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure hormone levels, particularly cortisol and aldosterone, and to assess electrolyte imbalances. Treatment involves hormone replacement therapy, usually with synthetic corticosteroids and sometimes mineralocorticoids, to supplement the hormones the body is not producing adequately. With appropriate treatment and monitoring, individuals with hypoadrenocorticism can often lead normal lives.