Hydrochoerus

Hydrochoerus is a genus of South American rodents in the family Caviidae that includes the capybaras, the largest living rodents. The genus contains two extant species: Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, the greater capybara, and Hydrochoerus isthmius, the lesser capybara.

Description and biology

Capybaras are large, stout-bodied rodents with short limbs, coarse fur that ranges from reddish-brown to gray, and a short head with a blunt snout. Adults can reach about 1.3 meters in length and weigh up to 65 kilograms. They have partially webbed feet, aid swimming, and are among the most aquatic of rodents. They are herbivorous, feeding primarily on grasses and aquatic plants, with occasional fruit or bark.

Distribution and habitat

Hydrochoerus species are native to mainland South America. They inhabit a variety of wet environments, including savannas, wetlands, riverbanks, tropical forests, and other areas with abundant water and dense vegetation. They rely on water to escape predators, regulate body temperature, and access food.

Behavior and ecology

Capybaras are highly social, typically living in groups of 10–20, sometimes forming larger aggregations near water. They are semi-aquatic, excellent swimmers, and can remain submerged when threatened. Reproduction occurs year-round in warm climates, with a gestation of about four months common to both species. Litters usually consist of 2–8 young. They communicate through vocalizations such as whistles, barks, and grunts.

Conservation and human interactions

Both species have wide distributions and are generally listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, though local populations face threats from hunting, habitat loss, and water pollution. Capybaras are hunted for meat and hides in some regions and are sometimes kept in captivity or used in ecological management programs.