Hippoboscidea

Hippoboscidea is a superfamily of parasitic flies, commonly known as louse flies or keds. These insects are obligate ectoparasites, meaning they live on the external surface of their hosts, feeding on blood or skin secretions. They are found worldwide, with a particular diversity in tropical and subtropical regions. Hippoboscids are typically found on birds and mammals, and their host specificity can vary greatly depending on the species.

The morphology of hippoboscids is adapted for their parasitic lifestyle. Many species are flattened and wingless, resembling true lice, which aids them in navigating through their host's fur or feathers. However, some species retain wings and are capable of flight, often flying to new hosts. Their mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, allowing them to feed on blood. The life cycle of hippoboscids is characterized by pupiparity, where the larva develops inside the female until it is ready to pupate, and is then deposited on the host or the ground. This means that adult females give birth to fully grown larvae, which then pupate shortly after deposition.

Hippoboscids can act as vectors for various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and protozoa, which can affect both their hosts and, in some cases, humans. For instance, some species can transmit avian malaria to birds. While generally not considered major pests of humans, some hippoboscid species can occasionally bite and annoy people, particularly if they are in close proximity to infested animals. Control measures often involve treating the host animals with insecticides or managing their environment to reduce parasite populations.