Heróíni

Heróíni, or heroin, is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. It is chemically known as diacetylmorphine and is produced by acetylating morphine. Depending on processing and adulterants, it appears as a white or brown powder or as a sticky black substance.

Pharmacology and effects are rapid and potent. After administration, heroin is quickly converted to 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, which bind to mu-opioid receptors in the brain. This produces analgesia, euphoria, sedation and reduced perception of pain, along with slowed breathing. Effects begin within minutes when injected, by inhalation, or by insufflation, and can last several hours. Prolonged use leads to tolerance, physical dependence and withdrawal symptoms upon cessation.

Forms and routes of use vary. Common routes include injection, smoking, or snorting. Injection carries particular risks, including infectious disease transmission and vascular damage, though these risks can be mitigated by harm-reduction measures.

Health risks extend beyond dependence. Acute overdose can cause respiratory depression and death. Chronic use is associated with constipation, hormonal and immune effects, skin and vein problems, and increased susceptibility to infections. Overdose management often employs naloxone, a medication that reverses opioid effects.

Legal status and medical context differ by country. Heróíni is illegal in most jurisdictions for non-medical use. In a few places, derivatives like diacetylmorphine are used under strict medical supervision for severe pain or, in specialized programs, opioid-dependence treatment.

Historical note: heroin was synthesized in the late 19th century and marketed by Bayer before its addictive potential was widely recognized.