diacetylmorphine

Diacetylmorphine, commonly known as heroin, is a semi-synthetic opioid derived from morphine. It is the diacetyl ester of morphine and, after administration, is rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases to active morphine, producing potent analgesia and euphoria with a rapid onset depending on the route of administration.

History and legal status: It was first synthesized in 1874 by C. R. Wright and later marketed by Bayer in 1898 as diamorphine (brand name heroin). Its addictive potential led to strict controls; today it is illegal or tightly regulated in most countries. Some jurisdictions permit medical use of diamorphine under strict supervision for severe pain or in heroin-assisted treatment programs.

Pharmacology: Diacetylmorphine is highly lipophilic, allowing fast passage into the brain. It acts as a mu-opioid receptor agonist. It is metabolized to 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine, which contribute to its pharmacological effects. The rapid brain entry accounts for its high abuse liability and risk of overdose.

Safety and harm: Use carries risks of dependence, tolerance, respiratory depression, and dangerous interactions with other central nervous system depressants. Needle sharing and contaminated supplies raise infectious disease risks. Overdose can be reversed with naloxone; long-term management may involve treatment for opioid use disorder and harm-reduction strategies.