Hedgehogs

Hedgehogs are small, mostly nocturnal mammals belonging to the subfamily Erinaceinae in the family Erinaceidae. The most familiar species is the European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus); other hedgehogs belong to the genera Atelerix, Paraechinus, Hemiechinus, and others, distributed across Europe, Asia, and Africa. In some regions, the African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) has become popular as a pet.

They are characterized by a coat of stiff, hollow spines on their back; soft underfur covers the belly. Adults range roughly 15–30 cm in length and weigh about 0.3–1.0 kg. When threatened, hedgehogs roll into a tight ball, presenting only spines to the predator. They rely on smell and hearing more than vision, which is relatively limited, and are generally solitary.

Hedgehogs are primarily insectivorous, feeding on insects, snails, worms, and other invertebrates, but will also eat fruit and fungi. They forage at night and are generally territorial. In temperate zones many species hibernate in winter, while African and some Asian species may remain active year-round.

Reproduction and development vary by species. Mating occurs in spring or summer, with gestation typically around 35–58 days. Litters contain 2–11 altricial young, which are born blind and without fully developed spines; they develop spines within a week or two.

Conservation status varies; widespread species are listed as least concern, but habitat loss, road traffic, and pesticide exposure have reduced some populations in parts of Europe and Asia. Hedgehogs are kept as pets in some regions, especially the African pygmy hedgehog, under specialized care.