Hantavirushemorrhaginen

Hantavirushemorrhaginen, also known as hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, is a disease caused by infection with hantaviruses, a group of rodent-borne viruses in the Bunyaviridae family. The illness is characterized by a combination of fever, myalgia, and hemorrhagic manifestations such as petechiae, ecchymoses, and mucosal bleeding. The primary clinical presentation includes sudden onset of high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and a rapid progression to hypotension and multi‑organ failure in severe cases.

The virus is transmitted to humans primarily through inhalation of aerosolized excreta (urine, droppings, saliva) of infected rodents, particularly deer mice and cotton rats. Direct contact with contaminated surfaces or bites from infected rodents can also lead to infection, though this is uncommon. Zoonotic spillover occurs most frequently during periods of increased rodent population density, often associated with ecological changes such as excessive vegetation growth.

Diagnosis relies on serologic testing for hantavirus IgM and IgG antibodies, supported by reverse‑transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect viral RNA in blood or tissue samples. Imaging may reveal pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and right ventricular dysfunction. Early recognition is crucial; treatment is mainly supportive, consisting of aggressive fluid management, vasopressor therapy, and mechanical ventilation when required. Antiviral therapy has limited evidence for benefit.

Epidemiologic surveillance indicates sporadic outbreaks largely confined to rural and forested areas in North and Central America, with occasional cases reported in Europe and Asia. Prevention strategies focus on rodent control, use of personal protective equipment, and safe handling of stored food and household items. Public awareness campaigns emphasize the importance of minimizing exposure to rodent habitats and proper cleaning practices to reduce the risk of hantavirus insertion.