hantavirus

Hantavirus refers to a group of viruses in the family Hantaviridae and genus Orthohantavirus. They are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome (S, M, L). Each hantavirus species is carried by a specific rodent host, and humans acquire infection from exposure to infected rodent excreta. Transmission occurs mainly by inhaling aerosolized urine, droppings, or saliva; direct contact with rodents can also cause infection. Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare, with possible exceptions for Andes virus in South America.

Disease manifestations differ by region. Old World hantaviruses (eg, Hantaan, Dobrava, Puumala) cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), which ranges from mild illness to severe renal failure. New World hantaviruses (eg, Sin Nombre) cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), a rapidly progressive illness that can lead to respiratory failure. HFRS typically has fever, headache, abdominal symptoms, and renal involvement; HPS begins with fever and myalgia and can progress to pulmonary edema and shock.

Diagnosis relies on serology and molecular tests; imaging may aid assessment. There is no widely available antiviral treatment; management is supportive. Ribavirin may have benefit for certain HFRS cases if given early, but it is not proven for HPS. Prevention focuses on reducing contact with rodents and their excreta through proper rodent control, sealing buildings, safe cleanup practices (wetting dust, wearing masks), and education during rodent population surges.