Halates

Halates are a class of inorganic salts derived from halic acids, compounds in which a halogen (primarily chlorine, bromine, or iodine) is in a high oxidation state bonded to oxygen. The halate family most commonly includes chlorate (ClO3−), perchlorate (ClO4−), bromate (BrO3−), and iodate (IO3−) ions, together with their metal salts such as sodium or potassium chlorate and sodium or potassium perchlorate. Fluorine analogs, sometimes called fluorates, are rare or not widely used, so the term halate most often refers to the chlorine, bromine, and iodine oxyanions.

Production and properties: Halates are typically produced by controlled oxidation of halide solutions or through electrochemical processes. Chlorates are produced by the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions under specific conditions; perchlorates can be formed by further oxidation of chlorate under stronger oxidizing conditions. Halates are generally strong oxidizers and are usually soluble in water. Their stability varies: chlorates can decompose violently in contact with organic materials or when heated; perchlorates are among the more thermally stable halates but pose environmental and safety concerns due to their persistence.

Applications: Chlorates are used in paper bleaching and disinfection; bromates have been used as dough conditioners and analytical reagents but are restricted or banned in many jurisdictions due to safety concerns; iodates are used as nutritional iodine supplements in table salt and in some chemical applications. Perchlorates are widely used as oxidizers in rocket propellants, pyrotechnics, and various industrial processes, though their environmental mobility and potential health effects raise regulatory concerns.

Safety and environment: Halates are oxidizers and can form explosive mixtures with organic materials, especially chlorates and perchlorates. Perchlorates are environmentally persistent and can affect thyroid function by inhibiting iodine uptake; appropriate handling and disposal are important to minimize hazards.