HBVinfektiota

HBVinfektiota, or Hepatitis B virus infection, is a viral disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which primarily affects the liver. It is a major global health concern, with an estimated 240 million people living with chronic HBV infections worldwide. The infection can be transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, or other body fluids, commonly via sexual contact, sharing of needles, or from mother to child during childbirth.

The clinical presentation of HBV infection varies significantly. Many individuals, especially children, may remain asymptomatic or experience mild flu-like symptoms. In more severe cases, acute hepatitis develops, characterized by jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, and elevated liver enzymes. A significant proportion of acute cases resolve spontaneously, but some progress to chronic hepatitis, which can lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer).

Diagnosis is typically made through blood tests detecting hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), core antibody (anti-HBc), and surface antibody (anti-HBs). Liver function tests and viral DNA quantification help assess disease activity.

Prevention is primarily achieved through vaccination. The hepatitis B vaccine is safe, effective, and widely available, providing long-term immunity. Other preventive measures include avoiding sharing needles and practicing safe sex.

Treatment options for chronic HBV infection include antiviral medications such as tenofovir and entecavir, which can suppress viral replication and reduce liver damage. Currently, there is no complete cure for HBV, but management strategies aim to control the infection and prevent complications.

Public health efforts focus on vaccination programs, screening, and education to reduce HBV transmission and associated health burdens worldwide.