Häns

Høns are domesticated birds of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, descended from the red junglefowl and kept worldwide for meat and eggs. They appear in many breeds and varieties, ranging from small ornamental birds to large egg-laying types and fast-growing meat birds. Høns are social animals with a hierarchical pecking order and a broad range of vocalizations used to communicate within the flock.

Biology and behavior

Høns are omnivorous and forage for grains, seeds, insects and plant matter, supplemented by supplied feed. They have a relatively short incubation period for eggs and a daily rhythm tied to light exposure. In a flock, hens occupy nest boxes to lay eggs and roosters (hane) may be present to fertilize eggs; hens can lay unfertilized eggs without a rooster. The typical laying cycle and productivity are strongly influenced by breed, nutrition, housing, and photoperiod.

Reproduction and production

Sexual maturity occurs around five to six months of age. Egg production varies by breed and management, with high-producing layers laying hundreds of eggs per year under suitable conditions. Eggs hatch after about 21 days of incubation, which can occur naturally under a broody hen or via artificial incubation in hatcheries. Roosters are not required for egg production, but they are necessary for genetic fertilization when breeding.

Husbandry and welfare

Housing systems for hens range from traditional cages to cage-free and free-range systems, with welfare considerations including space, enrichment, perches, nesting sites, and protection from disease and injury. Common welfare concerns include feather pecking, keel bone injuries, and respiratory or infectious diseases. Proper biosecurity, vaccination where appropriate, and attention to nutrition and lighting are important for health and productivity.

Nutrition and health

A balanced diet provides energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins, with particular attention to calcium for eggshell formation and adequate water. Clean water, access to grit, and routine health monitoring support steady production and well-being.