fertilize

Fertilize refers to the practice of supplying nutrients to soil or to plants to support growth and yield. Nutrients are provided through fertilizers to compensate for soil deficiencies, crop removals, or losses due to weathering, leaching, or harvesting. The goal is to improve plant health, establish strong root systems, and increase crop production.

Fertilizers are broadly categorized as inorganic (synthetic) or organic. Inorganic fertilizers deliver nutrients in chemical compounds and are often formulated to supply specific amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (the N-P-K ratio). Examples include ammonium sulfate, urea, superphosphate, and potassium chloride. Organic fertilizers comprise materials such as compost, manure, bone meal, feather meal, and green manures; they release nutrients more slowly and can improve soil structure and microbial activity. Fertilizers may also be designed as slow-release products or for delivery through irrigation (fertigation) or foliar application (sprayed on leaves).

Application and management depend on crop needs, soil conditions, and environmental considerations. Methods include soil application (broadcasting or banding), foliar feeding, and fertigation. Timing is guided by soil tests and crop growth stage to match nutrient demand while minimizing waste and loss. Micronutrients (iron, zinc, boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and others) are required in smaller amounts and may be added as needed.

Environmental and regulatory aspects emphasize efficient use to reduce runoff and groundwater contamination, greenhouse gas emissions, and nutrient imbalances. Best practices include soil testing, precision application, using appropriate formulations, and integrating organic matter management.