Gynaecologic

Gynaecologic refers to the branch of medicine that focuses on the health of the female reproductive system. In clinical practice, gynecologists diagnose and treat disorders of the reproductive tract in women and girls, and often work in tandem with obstetricians for pregnancy and childbirth. The field covers medical and surgical care across the life course, from adolescence to menopause.

Anatomy and scope include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and external genitalia, as well as surrounding structures. Common concerns include menstrual disorders, abnormal bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, sexual health, and preventive care such as cervical cancer screening.

Typical gynecologic conditions include uterine fibroids, endometriosis, adenomyosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, pelvic inflammatory disease, and gynecologic cancers (cervical, endometrial, ovarian). Benign problems such as prolapse and urinary incontinence are also addressed.

Diagnosis relies on history, pelvic examination, imaging (often ultrasound), and laboratory tests; screening may involve Pap smears and HPV testing. Treatments range from medical therapies (hormonal agents, pain relief, antibiotics) to surgical options (laparoscopy, hysterectomy, myomectomy, repair procedures).

Public health aspects include vaccination (HPV vaccine), contraception, fertility planning, and cancer screening guidelines. Gynecology is distinct from obstetrics, though the two fields cooperate in care related to pregnancy and childbirth.