Gravessjúkdómur

Gravessjúkdómur, also known as Graves' disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. It is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. In Graves' disease, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, specifically targeting the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor. Antibodies produced by the immune system bind to these receptors, causing the thyroid to overproduce thyroid hormones like thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

The exact cause of Graves' disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. There is a higher incidence in women, and it often runs in families. Triggers such as stress, infection, or childbirth are sometimes implicated.

Symptoms of Graves' disease are primarily related to hyperthyroidism and can include an enlarged thyroid gland (goiter), rapid or irregular heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, weight loss despite increased appetite, heat intolerance, and changes in menstrual patterns. A characteristic feature of Graves' disease is Graves' ophthalmopathy, which can cause bulging eyes (exophthalmos), redness, swelling, and vision problems due to inflammation and swelling of the tissues behind the eyes. Skin changes, known as pretibial myxedema, can also occur, presenting as thickened, reddish skin on the shins.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels and TSH receptor antibodies. Imaging studies like a thyroid ultrasound or uptake scan may also be used. Treatment aims to reduce thyroid hormone production and manage symptoms. Options include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, which destroys overactive thyroid cells, or surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Managing Graves' ophthalmopathy often requires specific treatments directed at the eye condition.