exophthalmos

Exophthalmos, also known as proptosis, refers to the abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs. This condition can arise from a variety of underlying causes, with the most common being thyroid eye disease, particularly Graves' disease. In thyroid eye disease, the immune system mistakenly attacks tissues around the eyes, leading to inflammation and swelling of the muscles and fat behind the eyeball, which pushes the eye forward.

Other potential causes of exophthalmos include orbital cellulitis, an infection of the tissues around the eye, which can cause significant swelling and push the eye outward. Tumors within the orbit, whether benign or malignant, can also occupy space and displace the eye. Less frequently, conditions like cavernous sinus thrombosis, a blood clot in a major vein at the base of the brain, or orbital arteriovenous malformations can lead to exophthalmos. Trauma to the head or orbit can also result in eye protrusion.

The appearance of exophthalmos can vary. In some cases, it may be mild, while in others, the protrusion can be severe and noticeable. Other associated symptoms can include double vision (diplopia), pain, redness, dryness, irritation, and a feeling of pressure in the eyes. Vision loss can occur in severe cases due to compression of the optic nerve. Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, assessment of vision, and often imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs to identify the underlying cause. Treatment strategies are directed at the specific cause of the exophthalmos.