Gravessjúkdóm

Gravessjúkdóm, also known as Graves' disease, is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland. In this condition, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid, causing it to produce an excessive amount of thyroid hormones. This overproduction of hormones is known as hyperthyroidism.

The exact cause of Graves' disease is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental triggers. It is more common in women than in men and often appears between the ages of 20 and 40.

Symptoms of Graves' disease can vary but commonly include a goiter (enlarged thyroid gland), rapid or irregular heartbeat, anxiety, tremors, weight loss despite increased appetite, heat intolerance, and changes in menstrual patterns. One characteristic symptom is Graves' ophthalmopathy, which can cause bulging eyes (exophthalmos), dry eyes, and vision problems. Skin changes, such as thickening and redness on the shins (pretibial myxedema), can also occur.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, blood tests to measure thyroid hormone levels and antibodies, and sometimes imaging studies like a thyroid scan.

Treatment aims to reduce the production of thyroid hormones or block their effects. Options include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy to destroy thyroid cells, and surgery to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. Management of Graves' ophthalmopathy may require specific treatments depending on its severity. While Graves' disease is a chronic condition, it can often be managed effectively with appropriate medical care.