Gobiiformes

Gobiiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) that includes gobies and their relatives. With about 2,000 described species, the group is highly diverse and primarily associated with shallow, coastal environments. Gobioids are found in tropical and temperate waters worldwide, from reefs and estuaries to streams and river mouths, and many occupy tidal zones and substrates where they can shelter in crevices or burrows.

A defining feature of many gobioids is the modification of the pelvic fins into a ventral adhesive disc, which enables them to cling to rocks, coral, and other substrates in turbulent habitats. They typically have two dorsal fins, a compressed body, and small to moderate size. Reproduction is often tied to the substrate: eggs are laid in nests or sheltered locations and are frequently guarded by males, with planktonic larvae developing after hatching. The ecological roles of gobioids are diverse; they can be benthic grazers, detritivores, or prey for larger predators, and several species engage in intricate territorial or nesting behaviors.

Taxonomically, Gobiiformes has undergone revisions based on molecular studies. The order groups gobies with several related lineages, and the best-known family is Gobiidae, the true gobies. Other families commonly placed within Gobiiformes include those containing mudskippers and related forms. The taxonomy reflects evolutionary relationships rather than ecological similarity, and classifications may change as new data become available. Overall, Gobiiformes represents a widespread, ecologically versatile component of coastal and freshwater fish communities.