Genogramm

Genogramm, or genogram, is a pictorial representation of a family’s structure across generations that extends a traditional family tree by incorporating relationships, health history, and psychosocial information. In German-speaking contexts the term Genogramm is used, while in English the term genogram is common. A genogram typically depicts multiple generations with symbols that indicate gender, birth order, and family connections, and it is used as a tool in clinical and research settings to reveal patterns that may affect individuals and families.

The genogram emerged from family therapy in the late 20th century and was popularized by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson. It is used to identify recurring conditions—such as cardiovascular disease, mental illness, substance use, and relational dynamics—providing a concise overview that complements verbal history and clinical interviews.

In practice, genograms use circles for females and squares for males; lines show marriages or partnerships, while vertical lines connect parents to children. Shading or symbols are used to denote health conditions, deceased status, adoption, or estrangements, and annotations may include ages, dates, or significant life events. A genogram can be drawn on paper or created digitally and can cover as many generations as relevant to the case.

Applications span clinical work, social services, education, and research. They help professionals assess risk, plan interventions, and facilitate discussions about family context, resilience, and stressors. Genograms are tools for visualization and exploration, not definitive forecasts, and they should be used with informed consent and sensitivity to cultural and privacy considerations.

See also: Genogram, Pedigree, Ecomap.