Frontend

Frontend refers to the client-side portion of a software application, typically running in a web browser, that users interact with directly. In web development, it encompasses the user interface and the code that renders content, handles input, and updates the display in response to user actions. The frontend communicates with the backend through APIs to request data and perform operations, while the backend provides data storage, authentication, and business logic. The frontend is distinct from the backend but relies on well-defined interfaces to function within a full-stack system.

Core technologies include HTML for structure, CSS for presentation, and JavaScript for interactivity. Frameworks and libraries such as React, Vue, Angular, and Svelte help organize UI components and state, while CSS frameworks like Bootstrap or Tailwind provide styling shortcuts. Build and development tools such as Webpack, Vite, Babel, and package managers like npm or Yarn automate compilation, testing, and deployment. Modern frontend often incorporates type systems such as TypeScript and tooling for testing, accessibility, and performance profiling.

Frontend patterns include traditional multi-page applications, single-page applications, progressive web apps, server-side rendering, and static site generation. Design and engineering considerations emphasize responsive design for various devices, accessibility (a11y), internationalization, and performance optimization such as minimizing bundle size and efficient rendering.

Workflow typically involves translating designs into code, implementing UI with components, integrating with backend APIs, ensuring cross-browser compatibility, writing tests, and automating builds and deployments. Together with the backend, the frontend forms the user-facing layer that delivers interactive experiences.