Fototóxico

Fototóxico refers to a harmful reaction of the skin to light, specifically ultraviolet (UV) radiation, after the ingestion or topical application of certain substances. This reaction is distinct from a sunburn, which is a direct response to UV exposure. Instead, fototóxico occurs when a substance within the body absorbs UV light and then releases energy in a way that damages skin cells.

The onset of a fototóxico reaction is typically rapid, appearing within minutes to hours after UV exposure in individuals who have recently consumed or applied a fototóxico agent. The symptoms can range from mild redness and swelling to severe blistering and pain, often resembling an exaggerated sunburn but potentially more intense and widespread. The affected areas are usually those exposed to sunlight.

Many different substances can cause fototóxico reactions. These include certain medications, such as some antibiotics (like tetracyclines), diuretics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Certain plants, particularly those in the citrus family (like limes and bergamot), can cause a similar reaction known as phytophotodermatitis when their juices come into contact with the skin followed by sun exposure. Cosmetics, perfumes, and even some dietary supplements can also be implicated.

Prevention involves avoiding UV exposure when using known fototóxico agents or if a history of such reactions exists. This includes wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, and using broad-spectrum sunscreen. If a fototóxico reaction occurs, treatment generally involves avoiding further sun exposure, cooling compresses, and topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.