Fotokaamera

A fotokaamera is an optical instrument designed to capture still images by recording light on a photosensitive medium. It consists of a light-tight body, a lens that projects an image onto a recording surface, and a mechanism to regulate exposure in order to produce a photograph.

Modern fotokamera fall into several broad categories, including film cameras that use photographic emulsions and digital cameras that record images on electronic sensors. Within digital cameras, common subtypes are DSLR (digital single-lens reflex), mirrorless cameras, compact or point-and-shoot models, and specialized options such as action cameras and large-format setups.

Key components include a lens (for focusing light), a camera body housing, a shutter and aperture controlling exposure, and an image-detecting surface— either photographic film or a digital sensor. Digital cameras incorporate an image processor, memory storage, battery, and often an electronic viewfinder or LCD screen.

Exposure is governed by the exposure triangle: shutter speed, aperture, and ISO sensitivity. Autofocus systems, metering modes, white balance controls, and various shooting modes help determine brightness, contrast, color, and sharpness. Most cameras also support video capture and may connect to computers or networks for transfer and control.

Photographic cameras emerged in the 19th century and evolved from camera obscura devices to film-based systems, then to digital imaging in the late 20th century. The form has influenced journalism, art, science, and everyday documentation, while evolving toward smaller bodies with higher resolution and computational features.

Care includes keeping lenses clean, protecting sensors from dust, updating firmware, and storing equipment properly. Cameras have raised privacy considerations due to their ability to record images in public and private spaces, which is addressed by laws, etiquette, and security guidelines.