Fotodamages

Fotodamages refers to changes caused by exposure to light in materials and artifacts. The term, uncommon in standard English, is used in conservation science and materials science to describe chemical, physical, and optical changes resulting from photons interacting with matter. It applies to photographic materials, dyes and pigments, polymers, paper, paintings, films, and electronic sensors.

Common mechanisms include photooxidation (reaction with oxygen under light), photobleaching (loss of color in dyes), chain scission and cross-linking in polymers, and photo-induced hydrolysis. Ultraviolet light is a potent driver, but visible light can also contribute, especially in the presence of photosensitizers or high temperatures.

Consequences vary by material, but typical effects are color fading, yellowing or browning, loss of mechanical strength, brittleness, and surface changes such as cracking or delamination. In photography and film, image degradation and fading reduce archival value.

Prevention and management focus on limiting light exposure and controlling environment. Approaches include using UV-filtering glass, low-intensity lighting, and brief exposure; storing artifacts in dark, cool, dry environments; selecting light-stable materials; adding stabilizers or antioxidants; protective coatings and barrier layers; and regular condition monitoring using spectroscopy or colorimetry.

In research and practice, fotodamages are studied through accelerated aging tests, spectroscopic analysis, and colorimetry to predict shelf life and guide conservation or product design. See also photodegradation, photooxidation, photobleaching, and material aging.