FormingStormingNormingPerformingModell
FormingStormingNormingPerforming Modell, or Forming–Storming–Norming–Performing, is a framework for understanding how groups develop and mature over time. In German-language literature the term Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing Modell is commonly used to describe the same sequence of phases. The model originates from Bruce Tuckman’s work in 1965 and was later expanded to include Adjourning, acknowledging that many teams also dissolve after completing their tasks.
Forming is the initial stage in which team members meet, clarify goals, and establish common ground. Roles,
Storming follows as members push against boundaries, test leadership, and negotiate power and influence. Conflicts can
Norming marks the emergence of cohesion and shared norms. Trust increases, norms and standards guide behavior,
Performing is when the group operates smoothly toward its goals. Roles are well understood, processes are efficient,
The Modell is used in project management, organizational development, and team-building to diagnose current dynamics and