FormingStormingNormingPerformingModell

FormingStormingNormingPerforming Modell, or Forming–Storming–Norming–Performing, is a framework for understanding how groups develop and mature over time. In German-language literature the term Forming-Storming-Norming-Performing Modell is commonly used to describe the same sequence of phases. The model originates from Bruce Tuckman’s work in 1965 and was later expanded to include Adjourning, acknowledging that many teams also dissolve after completing their tasks.

Forming is the initial stage in which team members meet, clarify goals, and establish common ground. Roles, responsibilities, and processes are defined, often with strong reliance on a leader or facilitator. In this phase there is politeness, guarded communication, and a focus on getting oriented.

Storming follows as members push against boundaries, test leadership, and negotiate power and influence. Conflicts can arise over goals, methods, and interpersonal dynamics. Clarity of roles and procedures is still developing, and performance may be inconsistent as individuals assert themselves.

Norming marks the emergence of cohesion and shared norms. Trust increases, norms and standards guide behavior, and collaboration improves. The team begins to establish effective ways of working, decision-making, and conflict resolution, with clearer roles and stronger commitment.

Performing is when the group operates smoothly toward its goals. Roles are well understood, processes are efficient, and the team can solve problems autonomously, adapt to changes, and sustain high levels of performance. Some models also include Adjourning to describe the dissolution of the group after its task is completed.

The Modell is used in project management, organizational development, and team-building to diagnose current dynamics and guide leadership strategies. It is subject to critiques that stage development is not always linear, varies by context, and may not apply equally across cultures or remote teams. See also the Tuckman model.