Flaggen

Flaggen (flags) are fabric banners used to symbolize nations, governments, organizations, or communities and to communicate identity or allegiance. Most flags are rectangular, though some flags used on ships or for ceremonial purposes may be pennants or swallowtails. They are designed to be recognizable at a distance and are studied in vexillology, the science of flags.

Historically, flags have served in warfare, diplomacy, and civic life. Early flags appeared as simple marks on banners, evolving into emblems tied to heraldry and state identity. In the modern era, national flags emerged with the development of centralized states and nationalist movements; maritime flags and ensigns regulate ship ownership and signaling at sea.

Design emphasizes practicality. The Five Basic Principles—keep it simple; use meaningful symbolism; limit the number of colors; avoid lettering or seals; be distinctive from distance—guide flag design. Colors and symbols often carry cultural meaning, but interpretations vary by culture. Flags must be legible and distinct when viewed from far away.

Flags come in many types, including national flags, regional or provincial flags, city flags, ceremonial banners, and naval ensigns. Protocols govern display, handling, and disposal, and some jurisdictions regulate flag desecration and flag status in half-mast for mourning or national remembrance.

Notable patterns include the tricolors of France and Italy, Nordic cross designs, and the Union Jack, which combines multiple crosses. Flag design continues to reflect identity, history, and shared values as communities adopt new flags for evolving institutions and affiliations.