heraldry

Heraldry is the practice of designing, displaying, and recording heraldic achievements, or coats of arms, for individuals, families, organizations, and jurisdictions. It uses a specialized vocabulary and rules to symbolize lineage, property, or affiliations. It differs from vexillology, the study of flags.

Heraldry emerged in medieval Europe, initially for battlefield identification and the authentication of seals. By the 12th and 13th centuries, professional heralds developed standardized conventions. Armigers—bearers of arms—obtained grants from kings or heraldic authorities. Institutions such as the College of Arms in England and the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland were established in the late medieval period; others followed in Europe and beyond.

An armorial achievement centers on the shield (escutcheon), charged with symbols called charges. Colors are tinctures such as Or (gold), Argent (white), Gules (red), Azure (blue), Vert (green), and Purpure (purple); metals and furs include Or, Argent, and Ermine. Additional elements include the helm, mantling, crest, supporters, and a motto on a scroll. The description of a coat of arms is written in blazon, a formal heraldic language.

Arms are typically hereditary, passing to descendants with marks of difference for cadet branches. The blazon provides a precise, language-based description to ensure accurate reproduction. Modern usage spans municipal arms, university emblems, and corporate logos, as well as personal or family arms in private heraldry.

Heraldry is studied by scholars and enthusiasts who trace its history, conventions, and regional variations. While the practice is historical in origin, it remains active today in many countries through official heraldic authorities and private heraldry groups.