Fibro

Fibro is an informal shorthand for fibromyalgia, a chronic pain condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, and tenderness across the body. It is considered a central sensitivity syndrome, in which pain amplification and sensory processing are altered rather than caused by tissue injury alone. The condition is not linked to inflammation or structural damage in most cases.

Common symptoms include widespread pain lasting at least three months, fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive difficulties often described as "fibro fog," headaches, and mood or anxiety problems. Symptoms can fluctuate daily and may be worsened by stress, overexertion, or weather changes. Some patients experience tender points in specific areas, though modern criteria focus on broader symptom patterns.

Diagnosis is clinical and based on patient history and examination. There is no single laboratory test to confirm fibromyalgia; tests may be used to exclude other conditions such as thyroid disease, rheumatoid arthritis, or lupus. Diagnostic criteria have evolved from the 1990 American College of Rheumatology tender-point criteria to 2010 and 2011 criteria using the Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity (SS) scale.

Pathophysiology is not fully understood but is thought to involve central nervous system amplification of pain signals, altered pain modulation, genetics, and environmental triggers. Coexisting conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, tension headaches, and sleep disorders are common.

Treatment is multidisciplinary and individualized. Nonpharmacologic approaches include regular aerobic and strength exercise, physical therapy, sleep hygiene, and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pharmacologic options include duloxetine, milnacipran, and pregabalin in some regions; low-dose antidepressants or analgesics may help sleep and pain. Education and self-management are important components.

Epidemiology: fibromyalgia affects about 2-4% of people, with a higher prevalence in women. Onset is often in early to middle adulthood. The term "fibro" is commonly used by patients and clinicians, though formal diagnosis relies on current clinical criteria.