Femoroacetabulare

Femoroacetabular impingement, often abbreviated as FAI, is a condition affecting the hip joint. It occurs when the bones of the hip socket (acetabulum) or the thighbone (femur) are abnormally shaped. This abnormal shape leads to friction and abutment between the bones during hip movement, particularly when the hip is flexed or rotated. There are three main types of FAI: cam, pincer, and combined. Cam impingement involves an abnormality in the shape of the femoral head or neck. Pincer impingement is characterized by an overcoverage of the femoral head by the acetabulum. Combined FAI presents features of both cam and pincer types.

Symptoms of FAI can vary but commonly include deep groin pain, especially with activities like sitting for long periods, squatting, or transitioning from sitting to standing. The pain may also be felt in the buttock or outer hip. Stiffness and a limited range of motion in the hip are also frequent complaints. Many individuals with FAI are young to middle-aged adults, often athletes or those with physically demanding occupations.

Diagnosis typically involves a thorough medical history, a physical examination assessing hip range of motion and identifying painful movements, and imaging studies such as X-rays and MRI. X-rays can reveal bony abnormalities, while MRI can better visualize soft tissues like cartilage and labrum. Treatment options range from conservative management to surgical intervention. Conservative approaches include rest, activity modification, physical therapy to strengthen surrounding muscles and improve flexibility, and pain medication. If conservative measures fail to alleviate symptoms or if significant joint damage is present, surgery may be considered. Arthroscopic surgery is a common minimally invasive procedure to reshape the abnormal bone surfaces and repair any associated labral tears.