Epähedelmällisyys

Epähedelmällisyys, also known as infertility, refers to the inability to conceive after a period of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. In many parts of the world, this is defined as the inability to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months of trying. It can affect both men and women, and the causes can be diverse and complex.

For women, causes of infertility can include ovulatory disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormonal imbalances, as well as problems with the fallopian tubes, such as blockages or damage, often resulting from pelvic inflammatory disease. Uterine factors, like fibroids or polyps, and age-related decline in egg quality are also significant contributors. Endometriosis, a condition where uterine tissue grows outside the uterus, can also impair fertility.

In men, infertility is often related to sperm production or function. This can include low sperm count, poor sperm motility (ability to move), or abnormal sperm morphology (shape). Other causes in men can be related to blockages in the reproductive tract, hormonal imbalances, or genetic factors. Lifestyle factors, such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, obesity, and exposure to certain environmental toxins, can also negatively impact fertility in both sexes.

Diagnosing infertility typically involves a thorough medical history, physical examinations, and a series of tests for both partners. Treatment options vary widely depending on the underlying cause and can include lifestyle changes, medications to stimulate ovulation, surgical procedures to correct anatomical issues, or assisted reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization (IVF).