Elektroonikas

Electronics, referred to as elektroonikas in some languages, is the field of science and engineering that deals with the design, analysis, and application of electronic devices, circuits, and systems that control the flow of electrons to process information and generate signals. It covers fundamental components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes, and transistors, as well as complex assemblies like integrated circuits and embedded systems. The discipline includes analog and digital electronics, radio frequency engineering, power electronics, and optoelectronics, and it intersects with computer science, materials science, and telecommunications.

Historically, elektroonikas emerged from early electrical experimentation in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with vacuum tubes enabling first electronic amplification. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the subsequent development of integrated circuits in the 1950s–1960s catalyzed rapid miniaturization and performance gains, enabling modern consumer electronics, computing, and communications.

Practitioners design and analyze circuits, fabricate and assemble components, and test and troubleshoot systems. Common activities include circuit design, PCB layout, signal processing, digital logic design, and firmware development for embedded systems. Education typically leads to degrees in electronics or electrical engineering. Professional practice relies on standards and safety guidelines from organizations such as IEC and IEEE, as well as simulation and design tools (SPICE, CAD, EDA).

Electronics underpin a wide range of technologies—from smartphones and home appliances to medical devices, automotive controls, and aerospace systems. Ongoing advances in semiconductors, nanotechnology, and sensor networks fuel trends such as the Internet of Things, flexible electronics, and energy-efficient systems.