Elektromotory

Elektromotory, or electric motors, are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, producing rotation or linear motion. They operate on electromagnetic principles, primarily the Lorentz force generated on current-carrying conductors within magnetic fields. Most motors have a stator that provides a stationary magnetic field and a rotor that carries windings or permanent magnets; the interaction causes torque and rotation. The rotor’s motion induces back-EMF, which helps regulate current and improves efficiency.

Motors are commonly classified into direct current (DC) motors and alternating current (AC) motors. DC motors include brushed designs and brushless types (BLDC) that use electronic commutation. AC motors include induction motors, which rely on induced currents in the rotor, and synchronous motors, whose rotor rotates in synchrony with the stator field. Other brushless variants, such as stepper motors, offer precise position control and are widely used in automation. Universal motors can operate on either AC or DC supplies.

Construction and control vary by type but share core elements: a stator that establishes a magnetic field, a rotor that moves, windings or permanent magnets, bearings, and a housing. Speed and torque are controlled by adjusting voltage or current (DC motors) or by varying frequency with variable-frequency drives (AC motors). Electronic controllers and feedback sensors are common in BLDC and stepper motors to achieve precise performance.

Applications and impact. Electric motors power a broad range of devices and systems, including household appliances, industrial drives, pumps, fans, and electric vehicles. Advances in magnet technology, power electronics, and motor topologies continue to improve efficiency, power density, and reliability, supporting broader adoption in transportation, manufacturing, and energy systems.