Elektroforeesimenetelmä

Elektroforeesimenetelmä, often shortened to electrophoresis, is a laboratory technique used to separate charged molecules based on their size and charge. This separation occurs within a matrix, typically a gel, when an electric field is applied. The charged molecules will migrate through the matrix towards the electrode that has the opposite charge. Positively charged molecules (cations) will move towards the negative electrode (cathode), while negatively charged molecules (anions) will move towards the positive electrode (anode). The rate of migration is influenced by the molecule's charge, size, and the properties of the matrix. Smaller molecules generally move faster than larger ones, and molecules with a higher charge density migrate more rapidly.

Common matrices used in electrophoresis include agarose and polyacrylamide gels. Agarose gels are often employed for separating larger molecules like DNA and RNA, while polyacrylamide gels are better suited for smaller molecules such as proteins, offering higher resolution. The process involves preparing the gel, loading the sample into wells within the gel, and then applying an electric current. After a sufficient period, the separated molecules can be visualized using various staining or detection methods depending on the type of molecule being analyzed. Elektroforeesi is a fundamental tool in molecular biology, biochemistry, and genetics, crucial for tasks such as DNA sequencing, protein analysis, and paternity testing.